JENIS-JENIS TEKS DALAM PELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS
1.RECOUNT TEXT
Fungsi : Untuk menceritakan kembali kejadian-kejadian dengan tujuan memberi informasi atau untuk menghibur.
Tahapan-tahahapan :
a.ORIENTATION(memberikan gambaran-gambaran/ memperkenalkan pelaku/pemeran dalam suatu cerita.
b.EVENTS (menceritakan apa yang terjadi secara berurutan)
c.RE-ORIENTATION (kilas balik)
Ciri Khusus : menggunakan Past Tense
Contoh :
It was a stormy night. My parents and my sister were away at a friend’s house. I hoped they would return home soon. The light kept flickering. I did not like being alone.
The lightening and thunder were getting worse. Suddenly, my worst fear came true. The house became pitch dark. I remembered that my sister kept candles in a cupboard in living room. I groped around for my way downstairs, stumbling down the steps. I could hardly see anything.
Finally, I found the candles in a drawer. Now, I had to go to the kitchen for a matchbox. I knocked against things. But, at last, I found a matchbox and lit a candle. Suddenly, I heard sounds coming from the porch. I froze. Someone was trying to get in! I grabbed my hockey stick and waited.
I heard voices. The front door slowly opened. I held the hockey stick upright. Fear made my hands shake.
Then, a voice cried out, “Dullah! Dullah! Where are you?” it was my neighbor and his son. They brought candles for me.
2.NARRATIVE TEXT
Fungsi : Memberikan hiburan atau kesenangan kepada pembaca.
Tahapan :
a.ORIENTATION (memberikan informasi tentang tokoh yang akan ditulis, watak, tempat, masa dan keinginannya.)
b.EVALUATION (tahapan untuk mengevaluasi keadaan yang dianggap gawat)
c.COMPLICATION (uraian tentang krisis yang dihadapi)
d.RESOLUTION (pemecahan masalah)
e.RE-ORIENTATION (kilas balik yang mengajak pembaca pada masalah yang sudah diuraikan, sering disertai dengan pesan moral)
Generic Structure dari Narrative ada tiga (3) pola, yaitu:
a.orientation > complication > resolution (pola yang umum dipakai)
b.orientation > complication > resolution > re-orientation
c.orientation > evaluation > complication > resolution > reorientation
Ciri Khusus : menggunakan Past Tense
Contoh :
Once upon a time, there was a beautiful princess named Kadita. Because of her beauty she was called Dewi Srengenge. It means The Beautiful Sun. her father was King Munding Wangi. Although he had a beautiful daughter, he was unhappy. It is because he always expected to have a son.
The King decided to marry Dewi Mutiara. He had a son from son her. He was very happy. Dewi Mutiara wanted her son to become a king in the future. She asked the King to send his daughter away. However, the King did not agree. He would not let anyone hurt his daughter.
Dewi Mutiara called a black magician to curse Kadita. She wanted Kadita’s beautiful body full of scabies and itch. The black magician did the order. In the night, Kadita’s body was full of scabies and itch. When she woke up, she found her body full of ulcer. It also smelled stinky. The beautiful princess cried. She did not know what to do.
When the king heard the news, he was very sad. No one could cure his daughter’s illness. The King did not want her daughter to be a rumor so he agreed to send his daughter away.
The poor princess went alone. She did not know where to go. She almost could not cry anymore. But, she had a noble heart. She did not have any bad feeling about her step mother. She always prayed too God. She walked for almost seven days and seven nights. Then, she came to the South Ocean. The ocean was so clean and clear. She jumped into the water and swam.
Suddenly, there was a miracle. The ocen water cured her illness. The scabies and itch were gone. Even, she became more beautiful than before. Not only that, she also had a power to command the whole South Ocean. She became a fairy called Nyi Roro Kidul or The Queen of South Ocean.
3.SPOOF TEXT
Fungsi : untuk menghibur pembaca dengan memberikan twist (akhiran yang lucu).
Tahapan :
a.ORIENTATION (mengenalkan karakter, tempat dan waktunya)
b.EVENTS (runtutan kejadian)
c.TWIST (akhiran yang lucu/meleset)
Ciri Khusus menggunakan Past Tense.
Contoh :
New Body.
One day, there was an audition to choose the best secret agent in this world. At the end, there were three best agents in the final match. They are from England, Russia, and China. The adjudicators tested them by taking three rabbits to a forest. The person who was able to catch them would be the winner. It’s their actions….
English put a lot of camera in the forest, so he can get the first rabbit easily. Russian burnt the forest so that all of the rabbit came out. Then, he invited a lot of people to catch it. China was so confused because the forest had been lost and the animals have been died, including the last rabbit. So he came to the zoo to take a bear. He hit a bear until the bear said, “Ok! Ok! I admit… I admit… I am a rabbit!!!
4.NEWS ITEM
Fungsi : untuk memberi informasi kepada pembaca, pendengar, atau pemirsa tentang kejadian yang dianggap sebagai berita berharga atau penting.
Tahapan:
a.NEWSWORTHY EVENT (menceritakan kejadian secara singkat)
b.BACKGROUND EVENT (pengembangan apa yang terjadi, menimpa siapa, dimana, dan kenapa bisa terjadi)
c.SOURCE(s) (komentar dari saksi dan penjelasan dari ahli)
Ciri Khusus memnggunakan Past Tense.
Contoh :
Earthquake Jolts Japan Capital
TOKYO (Reuters) – A slight earthquake jolted the Japanese capital last night but authorities said there were no immediate reports of casualties or damage.
A spokesman for the Japan meteorological agency said, “An earth tremor was registered in Tokyo but there are no reports of casualties or damage.
The earth tremor struck shortly after midnight Tokyo time.
Residents of central Tokyo said the tremor was the strongest in several months in the capital.
5.PROCEDURE TEXT
Fungsi : untuk menguraikan bagaimana sesuatu bisa dicapai melalui serangkaian tindakan atau langkah-langkah
Tahapan :
a.GOAL/AIM (tujuan selalu itu dilakukan)
b.MATERIALS (bahan-bahan)
c.STEPs (langkah-langkah)
Ciri Khusus menggunakan bentuk SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE dan sering menggunakan bentuk perintah.
Contoh :
How to Make a Sandwich
You need:
1.2 slices of bread
2.Peanut butter
3.A banana
4.honey
Steps:
1.Take two slices of bread.
2.Spread peanut butter.
3.Cut up a banana into small slices and put them on one of the slices of bread.
4.Pour some honey over the bananas
5.Put the other slice of bread on top
6.REVIEW TEXT
Fungsi : Untuk mengkritik sebuah karya seni (misalnya: film, program tv, pertunjukkan, buku, lagu, tarian, lukisan, dll.)
Tahapan :
a.ORIENTATION (informasi mengenai pengarang, jenis karya)
b.INTERPRETATIVE RECOUNT (sinopsis singkat)
c.JUDGEMENT (evalusi, opini atau rekomendasi)
Contoh :
Harry Potter and Philosopher’s Stone
Judged by this first volume, the Harry Potter books are a fine addition to English children’s fantasy literature. Harry Potter, orphaned when his parents are killed by the evil wizard Voldemort, is taken in by his aunt and uncle, who are Muggles –ordinary, non-magical people. Harry is rather out of place there, but things improved greatly for him when goes to the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry – except that one staff is in league with Voldemort.
Part of the attention of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone comes from the familiar but at the same time exotic setting of an English public school, complete with houses and schoolboy adventures, in which Harry and his friends Ron and Hermione struggle to save the world and win the house cup.
So Harry Potter and Philosopher’s Stone will be a great Christmas present for kids who haven’t read it yet – and it is a book that adults (at least those without stunted imaginations) can read as well.
A book review by Danny Yee @ 2000
http://dannyreviews.com/
7.DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Fungsi : untuk menguraikan tempat, orang, atau benda tertentu secara spesifik.
Tahapan :
a.IDENTIFICATION (mengidentifikasi yang akan dibahas)
b.DESCRIPTION (menguraikan bagian-bagian, kualitas, watak, dll)
Ciri Khusus menggunakan SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE.
Contoh :
My favorite actor is Ringgo Agus Rahman. I like him because he is a good actor. He is also funny. Moreover, he is cute he has bright skin and slanting eyes. His facial expression makes him look funny. If I had a chance to meet him, I would ask him sign my photograph.
8.REPORT TEXT
Fungsi : untuk menguraikan sesuatu, dengan merujuk pada masalah alam, fenomena sosial di sekitar kita secara general.
Tahapan :
a.GENERAL CLASSIFICATION (menceritakan fenomena apa yang dibahas)
b.DESCRIPTION (menceritakan fenomenanya seperti apa, misalnya kualitasnya, bagian-bagiannya, kebiasaannya.)
Ciri Khusus menggunakan SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (Bila belum punah).
Contoh :
There is a holiday called a Labor Thanksgiving Day (Kinroo kansha no hi) in Japan. It’s a national holiday in Japan and it takes places annually on November 23. It is held as an occasion for commemorating labor and production and giving one another thanks.
Events are held throughout Japan in this holiday, such as Nagano Labor Festival. The event encourages thinking about the environment, peace, and human rights.
It is not unusual for early grade elementary students to create drawings for the holiday and give them as gifts to local koobans, or police stations.
Labor Thanksgiving Day is actually the modern version for an ancient rice harvest festival known as Niiname-sai ( 新嘗祭 ), believed to have been held as long ago as November of 678. Traditionally, it celebrated the year’s hard work; during the Niiname-sai ceremony, the Emperor would dedicate the year’s harvest to kami (spirits), and taste the rice for the first time.
The modern holiday was established after World War II in 1948 as a day to mark some of the changes of the postwar constitution of Japan, including fundamental human rights and the expansion of workers rights. Currently Niiname-sai is held privately by the Imperial Family while Labor Thanksgiving Day has become a national holiday.
9.EXPLANATION TEXT
Fungsi : untuk menjelaskan proses yang meliputi formasi atau kerja dari fenomena alam atau sosiokultur.
Tahapan :
a.GENERAL STATEMENT (pernyataan umum)
b.EXPLANATION of WHY or HOW (penjelasan tentang mengapa dan bagaimana)
Contoh :
The formation of rain depends upon several interesting processes of nature. Moisture is constantly being taken up from the earth’s surface, especially from the warmer parts of the ocean. The process where by this moisture is picked up is called evaporation. The moisture, called water vapor, cannot be seen. It is mixed with the other gases in the air and is carried upward by the wind.
The moisture loaded air coals as it rises. This is because the air expands as it rises. Once the air starts to rise, it will continue to do so until its temperature as the same as that of the air surrounding it. When the temperature is equalized, the upward movements of that mass of air is halted.
As air rises and cools, the amount of water vapor it can hold decreased. If the rising and cooling continues long enough, the air will become saturated. If the air is then cooled below that point, it is said to have reaches the dew point. When air reached the dew point, some of the water vapor the air contains condenses into tiny particles of water, so fine that they might be called water dust. This water dust is known as clouds or fog, according to whether it is high in the air or near the surface of the earth. A still grater cooling of the air will cause tiny cloud particles to unite into drops so large and heavy that they fall.
10.DISCUSSION TEXT
Fungsi : untuk menunjukkan (sekurang-kurangnya) dua titik pandang tentang suatu permasalahan.
Tahapan :
a.ISSUE (Statement or Preview) (pernyataan permasalahan/yang melatarbelakangi masalah)
b.ARGUMENT FOR and AGAINST (argumen yang mendukung atau menentang dengan beberapa pengembangan poin)
c.CONCLUSION or RECOMENDATION (keismpulan atau saran)
Contoh :
The Pros and Cons of Video Games
Nowadays, the video games industry is developing rapidly. It becomes a multibillion dollar industry. Video games have become an important part not only in the children’s life but also the adults’. Nevertheless, there is an argument whether video games bring good or bad influences on children.
People who have a pro argument claim that video games give a lot of benefits. Playing video games is a good way to kill children’s boredom. It can refresh the children’s mind after a tiring school day. Moreover, they also argue that video games can also trigger children to be more creative because the games provide challenging ways to win. In other words, they believe that video games can actually sharpen a human’s brain.
Conversely, some people believe that video games make children lazy. They argue that playing video games is addictive. As a consequence, most of the children prefer playing video games to studying. These children find it hard to concentrate on their study because they always think about how to spend more time playing video games. In fact, there are also some children who skip their extracurricular lesson, just because they want to play video games. In addition, most of video games often expose too much violence. Two years ago in the USA, for example, a student shots his teacher and some of his friends. Newspapers said that the boy was deeply influenced by the actions in the video games he used to play with.
It is obvious that video games have more disadvantages that advantages. Therefore, parents should be very careful in selecting the appropriate games for their children.
11.HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Fungsi : untuk meyakinkan pembaca atau pendengar bahwa sesuatu seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya menjadi masalahnya.
Tahapan :
a.THESIS (pernyataan yang berkaitan dengan masalah)
b.ARGUMENTS (alasan yang berkaitan dengan masalah tersebut serta hasilnya)
c.SUGGESTION (pernyataan apa yang seharusnya dilakukan (terjadi) atau tidak seharusnya dilakukan (terjadi).
Ciri Khusus menggunakan SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Contoh :
Agriculture
Nowadays, many people have realized that agriculture is much more important than as the supporting tools in economic development. In Indonesia, agriculture should be the priority of development because of some good reasons.
First of all, the agriculture’s contribution in the beginning of the development is highest among the other sectors. At present, almost half of total Indonesian labors are working in agriculture sector, but the contribution does not reach 30 percent.
Second, agriculture sector is expected to fulfill the need of food in a country. As the number of population increase in an alarming rate each year, food supply must also increase. But in developing countries, food production and agricultural production per capita never increase more than one percent each year, and in some extreme case, it even stagnant.
Last but not least, without agriculture development, the growth of industrial sector will be hampered because the growth that comes from industry will bring a wider gap into the internal economy in that country. In turn, this gap will create serious poverty problem, wider inequality of income distribution, and increase unemployment.
Based on the above discussion, it is obvious that the government should put agriculture as the priority of national development.
12.ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Fungsi : untuk meyakinkan pembaca bahwa sesuatu adalah masalah.
Tahapan :
a.THESIS (memperkenalkan topik dan garis besar permasalahan)
b.ARGUMENT
1.POINT (menulis kembali argumen utama yang garis besarnya sudah ditulis di THESIS)
2.ELABORATION (pengembangan dan dukungan terhadap masing-masing argumen/poin)
c.REITERATION (menyatakan kembali posisi penulis)
Ciri Khusus menggunakan SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Contoh :
USE OF FORMALIN AND OTHER ADDITIVES IN FOODS
The use of formalin and other dangerous preservatives in food has been a serious for two reasons. Firstly, formalin is not for human beings, but it is for biological specimen and experiments. Formalin in Biology is a 10% solution of formaldehyde in water which is usually used as a disinfectant or to preserve biological specimens. Thus, it is not for food preservative, it will be very dangerous to human’s body.
The second reason is that there is no tight control from the government. This condition makes the people’s health is really in a threat. When the control is weak and the use of formalin is spread wide all over the Indonesian regions, and these days it has really happened, the citizens’ bodies will be badly contaminated with the poisons. Fish or food traders still sell their products which contain formalin and dangerous preservatives. Can you imagine that our digestive system absorbs the substance that should be for the human and animal corpses?
Considering the reasons, we can make a conclusion that the use of formalin and other preservatives is really a serious problem.
(Sumber: bse, soal UN, dll)
Semoga bermanfaat.
